Bolzano"s many achievements in mathematics, logic, metaphysics, and epistemology, as well as the monumental scope and ambition of his Theory of Science and Theory of Magnitudes, make it easy to overlook his relatively brief treatments of morality. Yet Bolzano took moral theory quite seriously.¹ This carries over to Bolzano"s engagement with Kant. Though only a small fraction of The New Anti-Kant (192–202) is concerned with moral philosophy, Bolzano thinks that the correction he is able to provide there is every bit as important as his critical engagement with the central topics of the first Critique. Thus, one purpose of this chapter is to place that brief comparison with Kant"s moral theory within the context of Bolzano"s most thorough defence of utilitarianism, which is found in lectures that his students published as Treatise on the Science of Religion.²