This chapter examines the state of Hebrew today, both in Israel and in Diaspora communities, and discusses challenges facing those who are involved with the language. As a first language in Israel, Hebrew is undergoing changes due to globalization processes which cause some to express concern for its fate. As a second language, Hebrew is taught to immigrants and to minority groups with the intent of facilitating their integration into the life of the country; unfortunately, recognition of teaching Hebrew to immigrant students as a particular profession is still needed.