Justice is the realization of morality in human social relationships, the state of character and practice of giving to each person what is his or hers. This familiar concept ofjustice is what Aristotle calls special justice, and stands in contrast to Plato's general justice, which includes the entirety of virtue. Justice is the persistent state of character, supported by the will and controlled by the intellect, to give to each person what is his or hers, above all his or her due.¹ The principle of giving to all persons what is theirs is neither tautological, in the sense of Arthur Schopenhauer's objection — "How can you give someone what is already his?" — nor devoid of content, in the sense that the market automatically distributes to each person what is his or hers according to the rules of the market.2 The principle "To each his or her own" is empty, only if all actual market coordination is regarded as the ultimate criterion of exchange, even when unethical practices dominate the market concerned, because the principle then requires only giving to each person what he or she receives anyway. The price system, however, is able to achieve coordination formally with the presence of completely different economic "marginal moralities," so that, with each different socially existing marginal morality, each person is given something different. Commutative justice, understood as the principle to give to each person that to which he or she is entitled, according to the rules of the price system, means to give him or her that to which he or she is entitled, if the price context complies with its own rules.