By the turn of the 19th century, the Czech, Polish, and Magyar languages had been made into the ideological bases of the corresponding nationalisms. These nationalisms, increasingly steeped in language and culture, soon acquired the garb of ethnicity as their main ideological principle. This development unfolded earliest in the case of Czech and Magyar nationalisms. It was a reactionagainst the replacement of universal Latin with ethnically specific German in the Habsburg realms during the second half of the 1780s.