The book burnings all over Germany in May 1933 marked the first negative victory of anti-Enlightenment powers pursuing anti-democratic politics and "national" science (Comprehensive texts on this theme include Walberer (ed.) 1983; Schöffling (ed.) 1983; Sauder (ed.) 1983; "Das war ein Vorspiel nur…" 1983; Krockow 1983; Poliakov and Wulf 1983; Belke 1983; Bücherverbrennung 1979). Supported by a large portion of the senior faculty, the Nazi-dominated Deutsche Studentenschaft (German Student Federation) destroyed thousands of books by renowned writers such as Erich Kästner and Stefan Zweig; the same fate was suffered by a series of socialist, psychoanalytic, and pacifist texts under the programmatic call "against class warfare and materialism…, shabby views and political treason…, a soul-shredding overestimation of human drives…" (Cited from Walberer (ed.) 1983, 115). In the struggle against so-called "Jewish cultural Bolshevism" Marx, Freud, and Einstein became symbols of the hated rational-empirical science of nature and society (Ringer 1983; Beyerchen 1982; Erdmann 1967; Frank 1979; Mehrtens and Richter (eds.) 1980). Appearing since 1935, the list of "dangerous and undesirable writings" included over 4,000 authors, and despite official claims that purely scientific works were to be excluded from it, the list still contained names like Alfred Adler, Friedrich Adler, Max Adler, Viktor Adler, Otto Bauer, Siegfried Bernfeld, Ernst Bloch, Martin Buber, Ludwig Brügel, Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, Helene Deutsch, Gustav Eckstein, Albert Einstein, Sándor Ferenczi, Ernst Fischer, Bruno Frei, Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Alfred Hermann Fried, Egon Friedell, Erich Fromm, Rudolf Goldscheid, Carl Grünberg, Emil Julius Gumbel, Dietrich von Hildebrand, Rudolf Hilferding, Magnus Hirschfeld, Max Horkheimer, Erich Kahler, Paul Kammerer, Otto Felix Kanitz, Karl Korsch, Siegfried Kracauer, Otto Leichter, Georg Lukács, Karl Mannheim, Karl Marx, Johannes Messner, Otto Neurath, Friedrich Pollock, Wilhelm Reich, Theodor Reik, Karl Renner, Rudolf Steiner, Karl Vorländer, and Fritz Wittels. Censorship was, of course, also practiced in Austria: while the Ständestaat regime of 1934 saw to the banning of, above all, social-democratic and Nazi literature, the "Anschluss" marked the starting-point for the cleansing of scientific libraries with the help of "black lists" of Jewish and socialist professors (Die verbrannten Bücher 1993).