Although there has been a tradition of mainly religiously motivated conscientious objectors for many centuries, the origins of an organized peace movement can be traced back to two nineteenth-century ideologies: pacifism and antimilitarism. In this chapter, the peace movement is defined as a social movement that aimed to eradicate war as a means of policy and established itself between 1954 and 1963, following ideas originating in the pacifist, antimilitaristic, and socialist ideologies of the nineteenth century.¹